Although there were many discussions among scholars about how to explain religious law, a person was still considered a true believer if he followed the five main duties or fundamental principles. These duties were simple but very important in everyday life. They formed the basic religious practice for every follower.
The first duty was cleanliness. Believers were expected to keep their bodies and clothes clean. Cleanliness was not only a physical matter but also a sign of discipline and respect for religious life. Washing before prayer and wearing clean garments were seen as acts of devotion.
The second duty was prayer. Followers were required to pray five times each day at fixed times. These prayers helped people remember God regularly and stay connected with their faith throughout the day. Prayer was both a personal and communal activity, often performed in homes or places of worship.
The third duty was fasting during the month of Ramadan. During this month, believers were expected to fast from dawn until sunset. Fasting was meant to teach self-control, patience, and sympathy for the poor. It was also a time for reflection, charity, and spiritual growth Guided Istanbul Tour.
The fourth duty was giving alms, known as zakat. This was a form of charity given according to certain rules explained by religious scholars. Giving to the poor and those in need was considered a moral responsibility and a way to create a more just society.
The fifth duty was the pilgrimage to Mecca, if a person had the means and health to travel. This journey was seen as a special act of devotion and unity among believers from different regions.
The Core Article of Faith
Despite the many practices and duties, the main belief required was simple: that there is one God and that Muhammad is His Prophet. This statement of faith formed the foundation of the religion. Other practices, such as circumcision, observing Friday as a day of devotion, and avoiding certain foods like pork and blood, were seen as additional acts of obedience rather than the main principles.
Early Attitude Toward Other Religions
A Period of Tolerance in the Beginning
In its early period, the new religious movement presented itself in a moderate and careful way. At that time, many regions were already influenced by Christianity and other established religions. These communities had strong traditions, organized teachings, and devoted followers.
Because the new faith was still growing, it often showed a degree of tolerance toward other religions. Agreements and promises were sometimes made to allow different religious groups to live and practice their beliefs. This approach helped the religion spread peacefully in certain areas and gain acceptance among diverse populations.
Changes Over Time
However, as the political and military strength of Muslim states increased, the situation changed in many regions. The earlier agreements with other religious communities were not always followed in the same way. Political interests, expansion of territories, and social changes often influenced how religious tolerance was practiced.
In some places, different religious groups were allowed to continue their worship but under certain rules and restrictions. In other areas, conflicts and tensions arose due to differences in belief and power. Thus, the relationship between religions varied depending on historical circumstances, leadership, and local conditions.
In simple terms, the religious system described here focused on a few clear duties: cleanliness, prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage. Along with the basic belief in one God and His Prophet, these practices shaped the daily life of believers. While early interactions with other religions sometimes showed tolerance, the way these agreements were followed changed over time as political and social conditions developed.