Author name: MIRelaDERsW

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The 1891 Education Law

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The first major attempt to organize the entire education system of Bulgaria was the law introduced in 1891 by Minister of Public Instruction Georges Jivkoff. This law was passed by the Sixth Ordinary National Assembly and repealed all previous educational laws and regulations. Remarkably, it remains in force to this day, forming the foundation of the Bulgarian school system.

The law confirmed that the Ministry of Public Instruction would have the supreme control and direction of all schools, as well as institutions aimed at the intellectual and moral development of the country. This centralization ensured that the education system would be uniform and well-coordinated Istanbul City Tour.

Organization of the Ministry

The Ministry of Public Instruction is staffed with professionals responsible for different areas of ed

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Classes of Teachers

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Teachers in primary schools are divided into provisional and regular teachers.

Provisional teachers: Any person who has successfully graduated from a pedagogical school or a high school may be appointed as a provisional teacher. They receive a salary of 900 francs per year. After one year of practical experience, they can take the State examination.

Regular teachers: Those who pass the State examination become regular teachers, divided into three classes:

Third class: 1,140 francs per year

Second class: 1,426 francs per year

First class: 1,680 francs per year

Promotion to a higher class occurs every five years, based on successful teaching performance. This salary scale is the minimum, but parishes may increase salaries or grant additional fees if they wish Istanbul City Tour.

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Use of Fines

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All fines collected for failure to comply with compulsory education are added to the school funds of the respective parishes. This ensures that the penalties directly support local education, helping to improve facilities and resources for all pupils.

Supplementary Instruction

To expand the knowledge gained in primary schools, the authorities organize evening and holiday classes. These classes are offered for free, with the voluntary cooperation of primary school teachers.

In recent years, the Ministry of Public Instruction has started giving awards to outstanding teachers, ranging from 20 to 150 francs, as recognition for their dedication Istanbul City Tour.

The curriculum in these supplementary classes goes beyond standard subjects and includes practical skills:

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Obligation of Parents and Guardians

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The law on compulsory education requires that parents, guardians, and anyone responsible for children between the ages of six and twelve ensure that the children attend school regularly (Article 13).

There are only two exceptions to this rule:

Children who are physically or intellectually unable to attend school.

Children who have already completed their primary education (Articles 21 and 22).

This ensures that all children receive the basic education necessary for life and citizenship.

Reporting Irregular Attendance

If a pupil does not attend school regularly, the headmaster must report the case to the school committee. The committee then informs the parents or guardians about the child’s absence (Articles 39 and 40).

If the child continues to miss school, the parents or guardians face fines. Initially, they may be fined 1 to 3 francs by the mayor of the parish

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Teaching Staff in Primary and Infant Schools

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Teaching in infant and primary schools is carried out exclusively by schoolmistresses. Until recently, the position of directress of infant schools was open to all graduates of girls’ gymnasia who had studied the Froebel method.

Since September 1905, a special two-year course for head mistresses of infant schools has been established in Sofia. This course ensures that the directresses receive professional training in early childhood education.

Goals of Primary Education

The primary school aims to:

Provide children with a moral education.

Develop physical abilities.

Teach the most essential knowledge for life and citizenship.

Primary education lasts four years, divided into four divisions, each focusing on gradually increasing knowledge and skills.

School Year and Subjects

The school year begins on September 1st. In towns, it ends on June 2

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Early Education in Bulgaria

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During the Turkish domination, up until the political emancipation of Bulgaria on February 19, 1878, schools were run mainly by national religious communities. Despite the challenges posed by the Turkish authorities and the Greek Church, which had spiritual control over Bulgarian communities until 1872, organized schools continued to exist throughout the country.

These schools often had very limited resources, relying only on private donations and church foundations for funding. Yet, they educated many Bulgarians who later became leaders in the struggle for religious and political freedom. These individuals, when the country gained independence, played key roles as politicians, officials, and educators, helping to build the young Bulgarian state.

Focus on Public Instruction After Emancipation

After the Russo-Turkish War, one of the first priorities of the new Bulgarian authorities was the reorganisation of public education. In

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Responsibility of Judges

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All judges in Bulgaria, like other State functionaries, are responsible for their actions. This responsibility may be civil, criminal, or disciplinary, depending on the nature of their conduct. Such accountability ensures that judges act fairly, honestly, and according to the law.

Special Tribunals

In addition to ordinary law courts, the Principality has several special tribunals. These include:

Military Courts

Religious Courts

Consular Courts

Military Courts

The military courts handle all criminal offenses committed by persons serving in the active army. These cases may involve ordinary crimes or professional military offenses. The purpose of military courts is to maintain discipline and order within the armed forces Istanbul Tours.

Religious Courts

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Qualifications for a Judicial Career

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A career in the judiciary is open to all Bulgarian citizens who meet specific requirements. Candidates must:

Be at least twenty-six years old.

Have completed a full course of legal education.

Successfully pass a State examination.

Serve at least six months as candidates attached to a Departmental Court.

In addition, the candidate must:

Be proficient in the official language of the Principality.

Enjoy full civil and political rights.

Have no criminal charges that carry the penalty of hard labour.

These requirements ensure that only qualified and responsible individuals enter the judicial profession.

Promotion and Appointment

Judges may be promoted to higher positions periodically. Promotion is based on:

The number of years served in their current position.

Favorable reports from the superior court.

Judges, public prosec

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The Courts of Appeal

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There are three Courts of Appeal in the Principality: one in Sofia, one in Plovdiv, and one in Roustchouk. These courts form the second level in the judiciary system. Their main function is to review cases that have been decided by the Departmental Courts.

The decisions of the Courts of Appeal are generally final. They can only be challenged through a recourse to the Supreme Appellate Court, which ensures that legal procedures and interpretations remain consistent across the country.

The Supreme Appellate Court

The Supreme Appellate Court is the highest judicial authority in the Principality. Its seat is in Sofia, and it is composed of two civil chambers and one criminal chamber.

When examining appeals, the Supreme Court does not reconsider the facts of the case. Instead, its main role is to ensure the correct and uniform application of the law by all lower courts

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The Role of the Justices of Peace

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The decisions of the Justices of Peace in civil disputes are considered final when the amount in question does not exceed one hundred francs. In such small cases, an appeal can only be made to the District Court, and only on matters of legal form, not on the substance of the case.

For disputes involving larger sums, the decisions of the Justices of Peace may be appealed to the District Courts, which then act as courts of appeal. The decisions of these courts are final, except for questions of legal procedure, which may be reviewed by the Supreme Appellate Court.

This system ensures that minor disputes are resolved quickly, while still offering citizens the opportunity to seek justice if an error in legal form has occurred Istanbul Tours.

The Departmental Courts

There are twenty-three Departmental Courts throughout the Principal

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