The Rank Below the Grand Vizier
Next in authority after the Grand Vizier, also called the Vizier Azem or First Vizier, are the officials known as […]
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The Dwarfs of the Ottoman Court
In the Ottoman court, there was another group of attendants besides the Pages and the Mutes. These were the Dwarfs,
Kara-Hajjan Visits the Grand Signior
Kara-Hajjan, the newly elected Aga of the Janizaries, went to the Seraglio to thank the Grand Signior for the honor
The Meaning of “Kul” in the Ottoman State
Servants of the Crown All those who receive wages from the imperial treasury, or who hold any office connected with
Christo Berberov Landscape Painter
Christo Berberov, who graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in Turin, worked mainly under the influence of the Italian
A New Stage in Bulgarian Art Exhibitions
The first exhibition of Bulgarian art, although modest and limited in scope, did not deserve the indifference with which it
Growth of Trade and the Need for Banking Reform
By 1883, trade in Bulgaria had begun to recover and grow. Economic activity increased, and more people needed banking services.