Land Grants and Military Service in the Ottoman Empire
How the Land Grant System Changed The Ottoman Empire used a land grant system to support much of its cavalry. […]
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The Leader of the Pilgrimage and the Gifts Sent to Mecca
Organizing the Pilgrimage The writer explains that the annual pilgrimage to Mecca involved many thousands of people. Because such a
The Order of Herewi (Hizrevi)
The Time of Sultan Orhan During the reign of Orhan, the second king of the Turks, who ruled for thirty-five
The Sabiny Sect
The sect called Sabiny, though formally Mahometans, seems to differ greatly from other followers of Islam. While most Muslims take
Condemnation of Persian Heresy
If a Christian is condemned for claiming the Trinity in God, why should the Persian expect better treatment? Persians are
The Challenge for Christianity Among the Turks
Christianity faced great difficulties in gaining respect among the Turks. The Turks often viewed Christians as despicable and contemptible, considering
Decline of French Influence in the Ottoman Court
At one time, the French ambassador enjoyed special privileges in the Ottoman Empire. He was invited to secret councils and
The Roman Example of Citizenship
The Romans clearly understood the advantage of welcoming foreigners into their state. They created a law called jus civitatis, which
Rebellions Among the Pashas
Throughout Ottoman history, there were occasional revolts by powerful Pashas who commanded their own armies. One notable example is when
The Government of Baghdad (Babylon)
The Government of Baghdad, also called Babylon, was one of the most important provinces of the Ottoman Empire in the